Dengue Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

It is essential to stay informed about various diseases that can affect our well-being such as dengue fever. This dangerous disease is one of the mosquito-borne illnesses that has become a global concern. With its potentially severe complications, it is important to understand what it is, its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

What is Dengue Fever?

Often referred to as dengue, it is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus (DENV). The disease is transmitted to humans through the bites of female Aedes mosquitoes, mainly the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species. These mosquitoes are commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, making dengue fever a significant health concern in many countries.

Causes

The Dengue Virus: Types and Transmission

This condition is caused by the dengue virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family. There are four serotypes of the virus, DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4, each capable of causing the disease. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes genus.

Mosquito Vectors

The two main mosquito species responsible for transmitting the dengue virus are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes thrive in tropical and subtropical regions and are active daytime biters. They breed in standing water, making urban areas with water containers and discarded items ideal breeding grounds. When an infected mosquito bites a person, it can transmit the dengue virus, leading to the onset of the disease.

Symptoms

1-Incubation Period

After an infected mosquito bites a person, there is an incubation period before symptoms appear. This period usually lasts 4 to 10 days.

2- Classic Dengue Symptoms (Mild / Moderate)

Dengue fever typically presents with a range of symptoms, often similar to flu-like illness. Common symptoms include:

1. High Fever: Sudden onset of a high fever, often reaching 104°F (40°C).
2. Severe Headaches: often accompanied by pain behind the eyes.
3. Joint and Muscle Pain: so dengue is called “breakbone fever.”
4. Skin Rash: A rash that may appear two to five days after the fever starts.
5. Mild Bleeding: Nosebleeds, gum bleeding, or easy bruising.
6. Fatigue
7. Nausea and Vomiting

3- Severe Dengue

In some cases, (around 5%), the condition can progress to severe type, (potentially life-threatening). Warning signs of severe dengue include:

• Severe Abdominal Pain:
  Intense pain in the abdomen, often accompanied by persistent vomiting. One of the primary causes is the enlargement of the liver, (hepatomegaly). The dengue virus can directly affect the liver, leading to inflammation and enlargement, which may result in significant abdominal discomfort. Also, the virus can cause inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to stomach pain and cramping. Severe dengue can also affect other organs in the abdominal region, contributing to the pain.
• Bleeding:
  Bleeding from the nose, or gums, or easy bruising. Bleeding in severe dengue is due to the impact on the blood clotting system. Dengue virus can interfere with platelets. As a result, patients experience thrombocytopenia, (low platelet count). This low count can lead to bruising, nosebleeds (epistaxis), bleeding gums, and, in severe cases, internal bleeding. Also, plasma leakage can contribute to bleeding episodes, as it affects blood vessel integrity and leads to blood leakage into tissues.
• Plasma Leakage:
  Severe dengue can lead to plasma leakage from blood vessels, causing fluid accumulation (ascites & Oedema), respiratory distress (pleural effusion), and organ failure.

It’s important to seek immediate medical help if any signs of severe dengue are observed. Dengue fever can be a severe illness, especially for certain populations, like babies, pregnant women, and patients with chronic illnesses.

4- What is DHF or DSSC

DHF stands for “Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever,” and DSS stands for “Dengue Shock Syndrome.” Both are severe forms of dengue fever and are considered medical emergencies.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF):
DHF is a severe and potentially life-threatening form, characterized by increased vascular permeability, which leads to plasma leakage from blood vessels. This leakage can cause fluid accumulation in the chest and abdomen, leading to breathing difficulties and organ failure. DHF is also associated with bleeding manifestations, such as nosebleeds, gum bleeding, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS):
It is the most severe form, that occurs when there is a rapid drop in blood pressure, leading to shock. The plasma leakage and reduced circulating blood volume cause severe hypotension, which can result in organ failure and even death. DSS requires immediate medical intensive care, including fluid replacement and other supportive measures.

Treatment of Dengue Fever

As of now, there is no specific antiviral medication to treat dengue fever. Medical care mainly focuses on alleviating the symptoms and preventing complications. Here are some general measures and treatments:

1. Fluid Replacement:
   Adequate hydration is crucial for managing dengue. Patients are encouraged to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
2. Pain Relief:
   Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen, are often recommended to reduce fever and alleviate pain. Avoid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, as they can increase the risk of bleeding.
3. Rest:
   Rest is essential to support the body’s healing process and conserve energy.
4. Medical Monitoring:
   If you suspect dengue fever or have been diagnosed with it, regular medical monitoring is crucial to identify any signs of deterioration and to manage the condition effectively.
5. Hospitalization:
   Severe cases may require hospitalization, especially if there is a risk of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) developing. In the hospital, patients can receive intravenous fluids and other supportive care.

Self-medication and home remedies should be avoided, as they may exacerbate the condition. Always seek professional medical advice for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Prevention

Preventing is the most effective approach to combat the disease. Here are some measures that individuals and communities can take to reduce the risk of dengue transmission:

1. Mosquito Control:
   Eliminate stagnant water around your home, as this is where mosquitoes breed. Use mosquito nets, screens, or repellents to avoid mosquito bites indoors, and wear long-sleeved clothing and pants when outdoors.
2. Community Involvement:
   Collaborate with local authorities and communities to implement mosquito control programs and raise awareness about dengue prevention.
3. Travel Precautions:
   If you are traveling to a region where dengue is prevalent, take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Use insect repellents, wear protective clothing, and stay in accommodations with screens or air conditioning.
4. Early Diagnosis:
   If you suspect you may have dengue fever, seek medical attention promptly for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
   

SUMMARY

Dengue fever is a significant global health concern, especially in regions where mosquito populations live. Understanding its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention is essential to protect ourselves and our communities. Proactive measures and promoting awareness can reduce the incidence of this disease and its severe complications. Prevention is the key to safeguarding our well-being and for a healthier future for all.

If you suspect that you may have symptoms, Helalmedical can help, offering quick, private, and convenient testing options. You may contact us here: Facebook page.